The concept of death and the afterlife in Ancient Greece Research Paper

The concept of death and the afterlife in Ancient Greece - Research Paper Example No one really knows for sure with a high degree of certainty about what happens when a person dies. However, due to the sensitivity of the issue, it has been left to people of great knowledge and high mystical prowesses to decipher the issues relating to death and the afterlife. Since religion and spirituality varies, there are variations of cultural trends and activities that go on to define the views on the afterlife. The Ancient Greek Civilization is one of the earliest that evolved in the world over 4,000 years ago. It rivaled the Ancient Egyptian Civilization. The Ancient Greeks had a different set of views about spirituality and mysticism. This paper examines the Greek concept of the death and the afterlife. It would examine the very elements and the essence of their views on death and what happens to the soul as it progresses to the next world and the afterlife. The Concept of Death & The Afterlife This section of the paper would focus on general ideas and concepts relating to death and the afterlife. It would form the fundamental framework within which the rest of the paper would be examined in relation to Greek concepts of death and the after-life. Masumian states provides a very strong depiction of death in his description of a situation. â€Å"A man is dying and as he reaches the point of greatest physical distress, he hears himself pronounced dead by his doctor. He begins to hear an uncomfortable noise, a loud ringing or buzzing, and at the same time feels himself moving very rapidly through a long tunnel. After this, he suddenly finds himself outside his own physical body but still in the immediate environment and he sees his own body from a distance, as though he is a spectator. He watches the resuscitation attempt from this unusual vantage point and is in a state of emotional upheaval†1 This point of view about death seem to be the central and fundamental idea of what most people fee and think in the case of death. Most cultures and most m ovies seem to show a situation where a person goes out of his physical body during death. The soul stands aside and watches as other people continue to try to make a dead person come back to life. This is a depiction of most cultural views of how the soul leaves the body. This forms the basis of the duality that surrounds death and the afterlife. This kind of duality has its roots in the history of societies around the world, including the Greek culture and the Greek society. Many religious movements continue to connect their teachings and ideas to the idea that the soul leaves the body and moves elsewhere in a â€Å"world of souls†. Different concepts and ideas are developed in line with the transmigration of the soul and the treatment of the mortal remains of a dead person. This forms the basis of social interactions and discussions of death and its related matters. The fundamental concept is that life is physical, but when people die, life does not end there2. This is beca use most cultures believe that the soul in a body is the breath of God that is put into the body of a person, hence, the soul proceeds back to where it came from3. In some movements, it is believed that the soul goes into another world or the netherworld as some cultures state it. In other cultures, there are discussions about the soul having to be reborn in a human form that is somewhat similar to the form that the dead individual in question hand4. Muslims and

Wage and Price Rigidity or Stickiness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Wage and Price Rigidity or Stickiness - Essay Example It does not affect the real flow of output but rather, surprises and stabilizes the economy. It implies that in a place where the population has rational expectations, government policies which are made to influence the economy into a level of production will never be effective. Rational expectations first became a big factor in the policy activism debate in the early 1970s when Thomas Sargent and Neil Wallace wrote their famous policy ineffectiveness paper. They showed-using an elementary macroeconomic example based on Robert Lucas's then new model of the Phillips curve-that an active monetary policy could not be effective in stabilizing fluctuations in output and employment. (Taylor) Implicit wage contracts is when workers are risk averse and employers are not, an implicit contract may be made with an understanding over "compromise" basic pay and hours. This may or may not generate nominal wage rigidity. Contracts like this may be non-implementable if there is asymmetric informatio n. Nominal price rigidity () tests for downward nominal price rigidity. Intuition: deflationary shock, some prices not cut as there is a zero price floor; across sectors "we would expect to observe a negative correlation between mean inflation rates and the skewness of inflation". (2005) Once the place and manner of nominal wage rigidities in the economy have been specified, the model must explain why rational workers and firms enter into arrangements which may impose a macroeconomic externality and allow the economy to deviate from the natural level of output. (pg 7) Because it is advantageous for firms to enter into long-term agreements on the price of their purchased input factors, there is also price rigidity in the input factors markets. Moreover, the commonly used procedure of firms to adjust their output price in constant proportion to changes in the price of input materials and labour costs - the notion of markup pricing - will result in rigid output prices as well. (pg 9) According to Piere Siklos, policy ineffectiveness proposition predicts the absence of an exploitable output-aggregate demand trade-off by policymakers. Therefore, when individuals are assumed to form expectations rationally (that is, they process all relevant information at their disposal), only unanticipated policies can influence output. (249) Dennis W. Carlton and Jeffrey M. Perloff (2000) quoted Stigler (1947) that prices are relatively rigid in an industry in which there is a dominant firm that exercises price leadership. That is, there are relatively few changes in prices. In his classification, an industry has price leadership if there is a relatively large firm, "producing, say, 40 per cent of the output of the industry at a minimum, and more if the second largest firm is large ..." (p. 228). Just before the new Keynesian model was formulated, it was believed that the formulation of government policies does not have any direct effect on wages and prices in the market unless a surprise monetary policy was released and discloses the economic status in a short wile. It was also believed